Classification Of Surveying
Surveying is
indispensable to a number of human endeavour, which use surveying principles
and practice to their required areas of application. The types of surveying
and application are identified and explained below:
- ALTA / ACSM
survey
- Archaeological
survey
- Agricultural
development survey
- As-built survey
- Bathymetric
survey
- Construction
survey
- Deformation
survey
- Engineering
survey
- Erosion and
Sediment control plan
- Foundation
survey
- Geological
survey
- Hydrographic
survey
- Mortgage survey
or physical survey
- Plot plan or site
plan
- Soil survey
- Sub division
plan
- Tape survey
- Topographic
survey
- Wet lands
Delineation and Location survey.
1.
ALTA, ACSM Survey:
This a surveying
standard jointly proposed by the American Land Title Association and the
American Congress on surveying and mapping that incorporates elements of the
boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. ALTA/ACSM Surveys,
frequently shortened to ALTA surveys, are often required for real estate
transactions.
2.
Archaeological survey:
Used to accurately
assess the relationship of archaeological sites in a landscape or to
accurately record findings on an archaeological site.
3.
Agricultural Development Survey:
It is a survey
carried out to assess the production, yield studies, growth, and the
development of agricultural sector taken over a specified period of time
saying 2001-2008.
4.
As–build survey:
Is a survey conducted
several times during a construction project to verify, for local state and
federal boards, that the work authorized was completed to be specifications
set on the plot plan or site plan. This usually entails a complete survey of
the site to confirm that the structures, utilities, and roadways proposed
were built in the proper locations authorized in the plot plan or site plan.
As – built survey is usually done 2-3 times during the building of a house,
once the foundation has been poured, one after the walls are put up, and at
the completion of construction.
5.
Bathymetric survey:
This is a survey
carried out to map the seabed profile.
6.
Boundary survey:
A boundary survey to
establish the boundary of a parcel using its legal description which
typically involves the corners or restoration of monuments or markers at the
corners or along the lines of the parcel, often in the ground, or nails set
in concrete or asphalt in the past, wooden posts, blazes in trees, piled
stone corners or other types of monuments have also been used. A map or plat
is then drafted from the field data to provide a representation of the parcel
surveyed.
7.
Construction Survey:
This is otherwise
described as “Lay-out” or “setting out”. It is the process of establishing or
marking the position and detailed layout of new structures such as roads, or
buildings for subsequent construction. Surveying is regarded as a
sub-discipline of civil engineering all over the world. All degree and
diploma level engineering institutes world wide have detailed items of
surveying in the curriculum for undergraduate courses in the discipline of
civil engineering.
8.
Deformation Survey:
This is a survey
carried out to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or
moving. The three dimensional positions of specific points on an object are
determined. A period of time is allowed to pass and these positions are then
re- measured and calculated, and a comparison between the two sets of
positions is made.
9.
Erosion and sediment control plan:
This is a plan that
is drawn in conjunction with a sub division plan that denotes how up coming
construction activities will affect the movement of storm water and sediments
across the construction site and into abutting properties and how developers
will adjust grading activities to limit the depositing of more storm water
and sediment into abutting properties than was done prior to construction
10.
Foundation survey:
A survey done to
collect the positional data on the foundation that has been poured and is
curved. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the
location authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or sub division plan. When
the location of the finished foundation is checked and approved, the building
of the remainder of the structure can commence. This should not be confused
with an As-built survey which is not to be done until a particular lend of
work is completed on the required stage.
11.
Geological Survey:
It is a generic term
for a survey conducted for the purpose of recording the geologically
significant features of the area under investigation. In the past in the
remote areas, there was often no base topographic map available, so, the
geologist also needed to be a competent survey or to produce a map to the
terrain, on which the geological information could then be draped. More
recently, satellite imagery or aerial photograph is used as a base, where no
published map exists. Such a survey may also be highly specialist for
instance focusing primarily on hydro-geological, geochemical or geomagnetic
themes.
12.
Hydrographic Survey:
Hydrographic survey
is a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the coast line and seabed
for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Products of
such surveys are nautical charts.
13.
Mortgage survey or physical survey:
It is a simple survey
that generally determines land boundaries and building locations. Mortgage
surveys are required by title companies and lending institutions when they
provide financing to show that there are no structure encroaching on the
property and that the position of structures is generally within zoning and
building code requirements. Some jurisdictions allow mortgage surveys to be
done to a lesser standard, however most modern Nigerian minimum standards
require the same standard of care for mortgage surveys as any other survey.
The resulting high price of mortgage surveys has led some lending
institutions to accept mortgage inspections not signed or sealed by the
surveyor.
14.
Plot plan or site plan:
It is a proposal plan
for a construction site that include all existing and proposed conditions on
a given site. The existing and propose conditions always, include hydrology,
drainage flows, endangered species habitat, among others.
15.
Soil survey:
This is also called
soil mapping. It is the process of determining the soil types or other
properties of the soil covered over a landscape, and mapping them for others
to understand and use.
16.
Subdivision Plan:
It is a plot or map
based on a survey of a parcel of land. Boundaries lines are drawn inside the
larger parcel to indicate the creation of new boundary lines and roads. The
number and location of plats, or the newly created parcels, are usually
discussed back and forth between the developer and the surveyor until they
are agreed upon. At this point, monuments, usually in the form of square
concrete blocks or iron rods or pins are driven in to the ground to mark the
lot corners and curve ends, and the plat is recorded in the cadastre or land
registry. In some jurisdictions, the recording or filling of a subdivision
plat becomes, in effect a contract between the developer and the city or
country, determining what can be built on the property and under what
conditions. Always upon finally completion of a subdivision, an As-built plan
is required by the local government. This is done so that the roadway
constructed therein will pass ownership from the developer to say local
government by way of a contract called a covenant. When this stage is
completed, the roadways will now be maintained, repaved, swept, and plowed
(if necessary) by the local government.
17.
Tape survey:
This type of survey
is the most basic and inexpensive type of land survey. Popular in middle part
of the 20th century, tape surveys while being accurate for distance, lack
substantially in their accuracy of measuring angle and bearing. Considering
that a survey is the documentation of half (1/2) distance and half (1/2)
bearing, this type of survey is no longer accepted among local, state or
federal regulatory committees for any substantial construction work.
18.
Topographic survey:
This is surveys that
measures the elevation of point on a particular piece of land, and present
them as contour lines on a paper.
19.
Wetland Delineation and location survey:
This is a survey that
is completed when construction is to be done on or near a site containing
defined wetlands. Depending on the local state, and federal regulations,
wetlands are usually classified as areas that are completely inundated with
water more than two weeks during growing season. The boundary of the wetlands
is determined by observing the soil color, vegetation, erosion patterns,
scour marks, hydrology and morphology. Typically blue or pink coloured flags
are then placed in key locations to denote the boundary of the wetland. A
survey is done to collect data on location of the placed flags and a plan is
drawn to reference the boundary of the surrounding plots or parcels of land
and the construction work proposed within.
BUILDING
SURVEYING
Building surveying
emerged in the 1970s as a profession in the United Kingdom by a group of
technically minded general practice surveyors. Building surveying is a
recognized profession within Britain and Australia. In Nigeria in particular,
due to risk mitigation/ limitation factors, the employment of surveyors
undertaken in Nigeria are broad but include:
- Construction design and building works
- Project management and monitoring
- Property Legislation Adviser
- Insurance assessment and claims assistance
- Defect investigation and maintenance adviser
- Building surveys and measured surveys
- Handling planning applications
- Building inspection to ensure compliance with building
regulations.
- Undertaking pre-requisition surveys
- Negotiating dilapidations claims
- Design
- Maintenance
- Repair
- Refurbishment
- Restoration of constructed works.
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