Q: How do I georeference an image in ArcGIS?
Answer
Georeferencing is a process by which a
raster dataset (image) without spatial reference can be matched with a
layer that does have spatial reference. For example, this process would
be helpful in the case of a user finding an aerial photograph in their
map.
raster dataset (image) without spatial reference can be matched with a
layer that does have spatial reference. For example, this process would
be helpful in the case of a user finding an aerial photograph in their
map.
In ArcMap, add a reference layer to your map that would be
helpful in matching points from the image (e.g. streets if you have an
aerial photograph of a city) or a basemap (click the dropdown arrow next
to the Add Data button)
helpful in matching points from the image (e.g. streets if you have an
aerial photograph of a city) or a basemap (click the dropdown arrow next
to the Add Data button)
Add the image you want to georeference.
Open the Georeferencing toolbar (Customize > Toolbars).
Zoom to the area you will use for georeferencing your
image. Select Fit to Display from the Georeferencing toolbar dropdown
menu to move the image closer to where it should be located.
image. Select Fit to Display from the Georeferencing toolbar dropdown
menu to move the image closer to where it should be located.
Add control points using the button with two crosses connected by a line: 
Zoom to your image (right click on the layer > Zoom to
Layer). Add a control point to a place that will be easy to find in the
reference layer, such as a road intersection, bend in a river,
administrative boundary, etc. Zoom in close on the control point site to
maximize your precision.
Layer). Add a control point to a place that will be easy to find in the
reference layer, such as a road intersection, bend in a river,
administrative boundary, etc. Zoom in close on the control point site to
maximize your precision.
Zoom to the reference layer, and add the second control
point in the same geographical location. Zoom in close on the control
point site to maximize your precision.
point in the same geographical location. Zoom in close on the control
point site to maximize your precision.
Repeat these steps using points from around your map. Very quickly your image will fit in the map.
When you are finished go to Georeferencing > Rectify to save a new raster dataset that retains the spatial reference.
Helpful hints:
In the Georeferencing dropdown menu, the Transformation options are helpful if your image necessitates more warping.
The blue lines between control points represent the
residual (or, error). The View Link Table button in the toolbar allows
you to look at all of the links you have made, see their respective
residuals, and delete ones you think may be inaccurate.
residual (or, error). The View Link Table button in the toolbar allows
you to look at all of the links you have made, see their respective
residuals, and delete ones you think may be inaccurate.
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